Pneuma (πνεύμα) is an ancient Greek word for "breath," given various technical meanings by medical writers and philosophers of antiquity, including:

• Pneuma, "air in motion, breath, wind," equivalent in the material monism of Anaximenes to aer (ἀήρ, "air") as the element from which all else originated; the earliest extant occurrence of the term
• Pneuma (ancient medicine), the circulating air that is necessary for the systemic functioning of vital organs, according to various medical writers of antiquity
• The connate pneuma of Aristotle, the warm mobile "air" that in the sperm transmits the capacity for locomotion and certain sensations to the offspring
• Pneuma (Stoic), the Stoic concept of the animating warm breath, in both the cosmos and the body

Pneuma also refers to:

• The pneuma or "spirit" in Gnosticism
• Pneuma, a concept of Christian pneumatology

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