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Pierre Menard (fictional character) |
| "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" | |
| Author | Jorge Luis Borges |
|---|---|
| Translator | Anthony Bonner |
| Country |  Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |
| Genre(s) | Fantasy, short story |
| Published in | Ficciones |
| Media type | |
| Publication date | 1939 |
| Published in English | 1962 |
Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote (original Spanish title: Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote) is a short story by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges.
It originally appeared in Spanish in the Argentine journal Sur, May 1939. The Spanish-language original was first published in book form in Borges's 1941 collection El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan (The Garden of Forking Paths). That entire book was, in turn, included within his much-reprinted Ficciones (1944). Two English-language translations were published more or less simultaneously in 1962, one by James E. Irby in a diverse collection of Borges works entitled Labyrinths, the other by Anthony Bonner as part of a collaborative translation of the entirety of Ficciones published in 1962. The Bonner translation is reprinted in Borges, a Reader (1981, ISBN 0-525-47654-7). Quotations in this article follow that translation.
Contents |
"Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" is written in the form of a review or literary critical piece about (the non-existent) Pierre Menard. It begins with a brief introduction and a listing of all of Menard's work.
Borges's "review" describes this 20th century French writer who has made an effort to go further than mere "translation" of Don Quixote, but to immerse himself so thoroughly as to be able to actually "re-create" it, line for line, in the original 17th Century Spanish. Thus, Pierre Menard is often used to raise questions and discussion about the nature of accurate translation.
Borges's work is indeed literary criticism, but through the medium of fantasy, irony, and humor. Borges's narrator/reviewer considers Menard's fragmentary Quixote (which is line-for-line identical to the original) to be much richer than Cervantes's "original" work, because Menard's work must be considered in light of world events since 1602, and thus is richer in allusion. Cervantes "...indulges in a rather coarse opposition between tales of knighthood and the meager, provincial reality of his country." Menard writes of the, to him, distant past, "the land of Carmen during the century of Lepanto and Lope," but "in his work there are neither bands of Gypsies, conquistadors, ... nor autos de fe." In this, Borges anticipates the post-modern theory that gives centrality to reader response.
(Another Borges story, "The Library of Babel", contemplates the opposite effect: impoverishment of a text through the means of its reproduction. In that story, in a pattern analogous to the infinite monkey theorem, all texts are reproduced in a vast library, but only because complete randomness eventually reproduces all possible combinations of letters.)
Borges wrote this story while recovering from a head injury. If it is to be counted as a work of fiction, then it was the first such published under his own name. (The 1933 "Hombre de la esquina rosada" was published under the pseudonym H. Bustos). As so often in his writings, the story abounds in clever references and subtle jokes. His narrator/reviewer is an arch-Catholic who remarks of the readers of a rival journal that they are "few and Calvinist, if not Masonic and circumcised". According to Emir Rodríguez Monegal and Alastair Reid (Borges, a Reader, p. 346) Menard is in part "a caricature of [Stéphane] Mallarmé and [Paul] Valéry … or [Miguel de] Unamuno and Enrique Larreta."
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