Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science and science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the biological sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena.
Basic principles of the physical sciences
The foundations of the physical sciences rests upon key concepts and theories, each of which explains and/or models a particular aspect of the behavior of nature.
Basic principles of astronomy
Astronomy is the science of celestial bodies and their interactions in space. Its studies includes the following:
(Note: Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, which assumes that people's destiny and human affairs in general are correlated to the apparent positions of astronomical objects in the sky -- although the two fields share a common origin, they are quite different; astronomers embrace the scientific method, while astrologers do not.)
Basic principles of chemistry
Chemistry is the science of matter mainly at the micro-level. Chemistry can be called "the central science" because it connects the other natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology. Its studies include the following:
Basic principles of earth science
Earth science is the science of the planet Earth, the only known life-bearing planet. Its studies include the following:
Basic principles of physics
Physics is the "fundamental science" because the other natural sciences (biology, chemistry, geology, etc.) deal with systems that obey the laws of physics. The physical laws of matter, energy, and the forces of nature govern the interactions between particles (such as molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles). Some basic principles of physics are:
Notable physical scientists
- Abu Rayhan al-Biruni - a Persian scientist who is regarded as the father of geodesy, has been described as the "first anthropologist", and is considered one of the earliest geologists.
- Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi - was a Persian alchemist, chemist, physician, philosopher and scholar. As an alchemist, Razi is known for his study of sulfuric acid. He also discovered ethanol and refined its use in medicine.
- Alhazen - an Iraqi scientist who wrote the Book of Optics, is regarded as the father of optics and the pioneer of the scientific method, and has been described as the "first scientist".
- Archimedes - a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. He is considered to be the first mathematical physicist on record. He established the laws of statics, buoyancy, and center of gravity.
- Aristotle - the last of the three great influential ancient Greek philosophers, although not considered to be a scientist by today's standards, nevertheless, he influenced the development of the later scientific method by espousing the view that knowledge should be based on empiricism instead of intuition or faith.
- Aryabhata - Aryabhata was the first in the line of brilliant mathematician-astronomers of classical Indian mathematics, whose major work was the Aryabhatiya and the Aryabhatta-siddhanta. Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics and astronomy in verse form, which were influential for many centuries.
- Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. He stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass, recognized and named oxygen and hydrogen, abolished the phlogiston theory, introduced the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He introduced the concept of the finite nature of matter and discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same.
- Bacon, Francis - an Elizabethan philosopher, is credited with the philosophical advocation for the Baconian method, an early forerunner of the scientific method.
- Boyle, Robert - an Irish natural philosopher, is regarded as the "father of modern chemistry" due to his distinction between chemistry and alchemy. His namesake is Boyle's Law of an ideal gas, which he discovered, but his contributions to physical science include the definition of a chemical element, the propagation of sound, among others.
- Copernicus, Nicolaus - a Polish mathematician and economist, is considered by many to be the "father of modern astronomy" due to his detailed explanation of the heliocentric (Sun-centered) solar system.
- Curie, Marie (maiden name: Sklodowska) - a Polish-born French chemist, was the first female Nobel laureate, the first two-time Nobel laureate, and one of only two individuals to receive the Nobel prize in two different fields. She and her husband, Pierre Curie discovered the two elements Polonium and Radium.
- Einstein, Albert - a theoretical physicist, is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He proposed the theory of relativity and was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics, among other accomplishments.
- Euler, Leonhard - Swiss mathematician and physicist, considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all times. His contributions to science includes the Euler-Bournoulli beam equation and Euler equations.
- Galilei, Galileo - an astronomer and physicist, is considered the "father of modern physics," "father of modern science", and "father of science" due, in large part, to his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church over the authority of science. However, he has equally impressive scientific contributions to the fields of mechanics, astronomy, and mathematical physics.
- Geber - a Persian scientist regarded as the father of chemistry, due to his introduction of an experimental method in the field, and for freeing it from superstition and turning it into a science.
- Hutton, James - a Scottish geologist, is considered to be the "father of modern geology," for his formulation of uniformitarianism, that the same geological processes operating today operated in the distant past. Based upon that assumption, he maintained that the age of the earth must be much older than a few thousand years.
- Newton, Sir Isaac - a scientist and mathematician, is most renowned for his description of the laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.
- Pauling, Linus - an American quantum chemist and biochemist, widely regarded as the premier chemist of the twentieth century. A pioneer in the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry, and one of the founders of molecular biology.
- Thales of Miletus - a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, is considered to be the father of science becaused he first encouraged naturalistic explanations of the world, without the supernatural.
Universities offering named degrees in physical science
