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Chaldean (from Akkadian Kaldu, via Greek Χαλδαιος Chaldaios) may refer to:

1. historical Babylonia, in particular in a Hellenistic context
   • Chaldea, "the Chaldees" was a Hellenistic designation for a part of Babylonia.
   • The 11th dynasty of Babylon (6th century BC) is conventionally known as the Chaldean Dynasty.
   • Chaldean mythology is a generalized term used to refer to all the mythologies of ancient Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia.
   • The Chaldean Oracles played a role in Hellenistic mystery religions of the first centuries BC and AD.
   • "Chaldean" in Roman and medieval authors refers in particular to the mathematics and astrology of Babylonia, and hence of soothsayers or astrologers in general.
2. the Chaldean Catholic Church (since 1553)
   • Chaldean Christians, its adherents.
   • the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic spoken by Chaldean Catholics.
   • "Chaldean script" is sometimes used to refer to the Eastern Syriac alphabet.
   • the Chaldean Syrian Church in India.
3. the Khaldi, called Chaldeans by classical authors though linguistically unrelated to the more modern Chaldean-Assyrians.
   • Chaldean language in old references refers to the Urartian language and peoples.

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